See -čь on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ačь"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ičь"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "as a part of the suffix itself.",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "which was preceded by the thematic vowel",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-ič",
"word": "-іч"
},
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-ač",
"word": "-ач"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ič",
"word": "-ич"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ač",
"word": "-ач"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-yč",
"word": "-ич"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-ač",
"word": "-ач"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "-čĭ",
"word": "-чь"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-čĭ",
"word": "-чь"
},
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-ačĭ",
"word": "-ачь"
},
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-čĭ",
"word": "-ⱍⱐ"
},
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-ačĭ",
"word": "-ⰰⱍⱐ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "-ač",
"word": "-ач"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "-ič",
"word": "-ич"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "-ič",
"word": "-ич"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "-ač",
"word": "-ач"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-ич"
},
{
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-ач"
},
{
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-ič"
},
{
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-ač"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "-č"
},
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "-ač"
},
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "-áč"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "-ëcz"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "-ôcz"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "-icz"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "-acz"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "-ič"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "-áč"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "-icz"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "-acz"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "-ocz"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "-ič"
},
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "-ač"
},
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "-ic"
},
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "-ac"
}
],
"lang": "Sorbian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"id": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*-kias"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kias",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-k-yos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-k-yos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-kis"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian -kis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-ķis"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -ķis",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Underlyingly reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kias, *-kis, from Proto-Indo-European *-k-yos, formed by agglutination of *-yos (Proto Slavic *-jь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ias) onto the element *-kъ.\nCognate with Lithuanian -kis and Latvian -ķis.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-čь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-či",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-čь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-čema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-čemъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-čь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-čę̇",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-čьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-čemь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-čema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-či",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-či",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-čixъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-či",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*-ačь",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*-ičь",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"cat": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-čь m",
"name": "sla-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-čь",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-kъ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "56 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "76 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "58 42",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "59 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "kopati (“to dig”) → *kopačь (“digger”)"
},
{
"text": "kovati (“to forge”) → *kovačь (“smith, blacksmith”)"
},
{
"text": "běgati (“to run”) → *běgačь (“runner”)"
},
{
"text": "jьgrati (“to play”) → *jьgračь (“player”)"
},
{
"text": "vьrati (“to lie”) → *vьračь (“sorcerer, soothsayer, charlatan”)"
},
{
"text": "pogoniti (“to pursue, observe”) → *pogoničь (“drover”)"
},
{
"text": "roditi (“to give birth”) → *rodičь (“father”)"
},
{
"text": "voditi (“to lead”) → *vodičь (“leader”)"
},
{
"text": "badati\\*bodati or *bodti > *bosti (“to sting, stab, butt”) → *bodačь (“that which stings, stabs, butts”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deverbal, forming agent nouns."
],
"id": "en--čь-sla-pro-suffix-3jF80gcP",
"links": [
[
"agent",
"agent#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-teľь"
},
{
"word": "*-ьcь"
},
{
"word": "*-ьnikъ"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "biti (“to beat”) → *bičь (“whip”)"
},
{
"text": "briti (“to shave, cut hair/beard”) → *bričь (“cutting tool, razor”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deverbal, forming nomina instrumenti."
],
"id": "en--čь-sla-pro-suffix-Z2U0DSJq",
"links": [
[
"nomina instrumenti",
"nomina instrumenti#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-dlo"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-čь"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Proto-Slavic entries with etymon",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic soft masculine o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic soft o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-ačь"
},
{
"word": "-ičь"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "as a part of the suffix itself.",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "which was preceded by the thematic vowel",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-ič",
"word": "-іч"
},
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-ač",
"word": "-ач"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ič",
"word": "-ич"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ač",
"word": "-ач"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-yč",
"word": "-ич"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-ač",
"word": "-ач"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "-čĭ",
"word": "-чь"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-čĭ",
"word": "-чь"
},
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-ačĭ",
"word": "-ачь"
},
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-čĭ",
"word": "-ⱍⱐ"
},
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-ačĭ",
"word": "-ⰰⱍⱐ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "-ač",
"word": "-ач"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "-ič",
"word": "-ич"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "-ič",
"word": "-ич"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "-ač",
"word": "-ач"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-ич"
},
{
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-ач"
},
{
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-ič"
},
{
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-ač"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "-č"
},
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "-ač"
},
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "-áč"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "-ëcz"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "-ôcz"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "-icz"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "-acz"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "-ič"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "-áč"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "-icz"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "-acz"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "-ocz"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "-ič"
},
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "-ač"
},
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "-ic"
},
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "-ac"
}
],
"lang": "Sorbian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"id": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*-kias"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kias",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-k-yos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-k-yos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-kis"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian -kis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-ķis"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -ķis",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Underlyingly reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kias, *-kis, from Proto-Indo-European *-k-yos, formed by agglutination of *-yos (Proto Slavic *-jь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ias) onto the element *-kъ.\nCognate with Lithuanian -kis and Latvian -ķis.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-čь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-či",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-čь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-čema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-čemъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-čь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-čę̇",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-čьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-čemь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-čema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-či",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-či",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-čixъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-či",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*-ačь",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*-ičь",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"cat": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-čь m",
"name": "sla-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-čь",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-kъ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "kopati (“to dig”) → *kopačь (“digger”)"
},
{
"text": "kovati (“to forge”) → *kovačь (“smith, blacksmith”)"
},
{
"text": "běgati (“to run”) → *běgačь (“runner”)"
},
{
"text": "jьgrati (“to play”) → *jьgračь (“player”)"
},
{
"text": "vьrati (“to lie”) → *vьračь (“sorcerer, soothsayer, charlatan”)"
},
{
"text": "pogoniti (“to pursue, observe”) → *pogoničь (“drover”)"
},
{
"text": "roditi (“to give birth”) → *rodičь (“father”)"
},
{
"text": "voditi (“to lead”) → *vodičь (“leader”)"
},
{
"text": "badati\\*bodati or *bodti > *bosti (“to sting, stab, butt”) → *bodačь (“that which stings, stabs, butts”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deverbal, forming agent nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"agent",
"agent#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-teľь"
},
{
"word": "*-ьcь"
},
{
"word": "*-ьnikъ"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "biti (“to beat”) → *bičь (“whip”)"
},
{
"text": "briti (“to shave, cut hair/beard”) → *bričь (“cutting tool, razor”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deverbal, forming nomina instrumenti."
],
"links": [
[
"nomina instrumenti",
"nomina instrumenti#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-dlo"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-čь"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -čь meaning in All languages combined (7.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.